a shield

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arma, ōrum, n. ( gen. plur. armūm, Pac. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155; Att. ap. Non. p. 495, 23, considered by Cic. in the connection armūm judicium as less correct than armorum) [cf. ARÔ, arariskô = to fit; arthron = joint; harmos = armus = joint, shoulder; artaô = artio, arto = to fit, to fit in closely; artios = fit, exact; artus = close, narrow; ars (artis) = the craft of fitting things; artifex, artificium; Goth. arms = O. H. Germ. aram = Engl. arm; Sanscr. ar = to hit upon, attain; aram = fit, fast; īrmas = arm. Curt.].

Lit.

1.. What is fitted to the body for its protection, defensive armor, as the shield, coat of mail, helmet, etc.:

tot milia armorum, detracta corporibus hostium,

Liv. 45, 39:

induere arma,

id. 30, 31:

arma his imperata, galea, clipeum, ocreae, lorica, omnia ex aere,

id. 1, 43:

pictis et auro caelatis refulgens armis,

id. 7, 10. —

Specifically, a shield:

at Lausum socii exanimem super arma ferebant,

on a shield, Verg. A. 10, 841:

caelestia arma, quae ancilia appellantur,

Liv. 1, 20 (v. ancile); id. 8, 30; 1, 37; cf. Verg. A. 1, 119 Heyne; Tac. G. 11 Rup.; Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 43:

Aeneas se collegit in arma,

gathered himself under his shield, Verg. A. 12, 491.—Hence, in a more extended sense,

Implements of war, arms, both of defence and offence (but of the latter only those which are used in close contest, such as the sword, axe, club; in distinction from tela, which are used in contest at a distance; hence, arma and tela are often contrasted; v. the foll., and cf. Bremi and Dähne ad Nep. Dat. 11, 3): arma rigent, horrescunt tela, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 4; id. ap. Non. p. 469, 26:

arma alia ad tegendum, alia ad nocendum,

Cic. Caec. 21:

armis condicione positis aut defetigatione abjectis aut victoriā detractis,

id. Fam. 6, 2:

illum dicis cum armis aureis, Quoius etc.,

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 16:

ibi Simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60:

arma antiqua manus, ungues dentesque fuerunt Et lapides, et item, silvarum fragmina, ramei,

Lucr. 5, 1283; so,

Mutum et turpe pecus (i. e. primeval man), glandem et cubilia propter Unguibus et pugnis, dein fustibus, atque ita porro Pugnabant armis, quae post fabricaverat usus,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 100 sqq.:

capere,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 53, 153; id. Phil. 4, 3, 7; id. Rab. Perd. 6 and 7:

sumere,

id. Planc. 36, 88 Wund.; id. Tusc. 2, 24, 58; Vulg. Gen. 27, 3; ib. 3 Reg. 22, 30:

accipere, ib. Judith, 14, 2: adprehendere,

ib. Psa. 34, 2:

resumere,

Suet. Calig. 48:

aptare,

Liv. 5, 49:

induere,

id. 30, 31; Ov. M. 14, 798; id. F. 1, 521; Verg. A. 11, 83; Luc. 1, 126:

accingi armis,

Verg. A. 6, 184, and Vulg. Jud. 18, 11:

armis instructus,

ib. Deut. 1, 41; ib. 1 Par. 12, 13:

concitare ad arma,

Caes. B. G. 7, 42:

descendere ad arma,

id. ib. 7, 33:

vocare ad arma,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 7, 21:

vocare in arma,

Verg. A. 9, 22:

ferre contra aliquem,

Vell. 2, 56:

decernere armis,

Cic. Att. 7, 3:

armis cum hoste certare,

id. Off. 3, 22, 87; so,

saevis armis,

Verg. A. 12, 890:

dimicare armis cum aliquo,

Nep. Milt. 1, 2:

esse in armis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 49; Suet. Caes. 69:

ponere, abicere,

Cic. Fam. 6, 2:

relinquere,

Liv. 2, 10:

tradere,

Nep. Ham. 1, 5; Suet. Vit. 10:

amittere,

Verg. A. 1, 474:

proicere,

Vulg. 1 Macc. 5, 43;

7, 44: deripere militibus,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 19:

dirimere,

Luc. 1, 104 et saep.—Hence, arma virosque, per arma, per viros, etc., Liv. 8, 25; 8, 30 al.; v. Burm. ad Verg. A. 1, 1, and cf. Liv. 9, 24:

tela et arma: armorum atque telorum portationes,

Sall. C. 42, 2; Liv. 1, 25; Col. 12, 3; Tac. G. 29 and 33:

armis et castris, prov. (like remis velisque, viris equisque),

with vigor, with might and main, Cic. Off. 2, 24, 84.—

Trop., means of protection, defence, weapons:

tenere semper arma (sc. eloquentiae), quibus vel tectus ipse esse possis, vel, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 1, 8, 32:

prudentiae,

id. ib. 1, 38, 172:

senectutis,

id. Lael. 4. 9:

tectus Vulcaniis armis, id est fortitudine,

id. Tusc. 2, 14, 33:

eloquentiae,

Quint. 5, 12, 21:

facundiae,

id. 2, 16, 10:

justitiae,

Vulg. Rom. 6, 13; ib. 2 Cor. 6, 7:

arma lucis,

ib. Rom. 13, 12:

horriferum contra Borean ovis arma ministret, i. e. lanas,

Ov. M. 15, 471:

haec mihi Stertinius arma (i. e. praecepta) dedit,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 297; cf. id. Ep. 1, 16, 67:

arma militiae nostrae non carnalia sunt,

Vulg. 2 Cor. 10, 4.

War (once in opp. to pax, v. infra):

silent leges inter arma,

Cic. Mil. 4, 10; id. Att. 7, 3, 5:

arma civilia,

civil war, id. Fam. 2, 16, and Tac. A. 1, 9:

civilia arma,

id. Agr. 16; id. G. 37 (otherwise, bella civilia, Cic. Off. 1, 25, 86, and Tac. Agr. 13):

ab externis armis otium erat,

Liv. 3, 14; 9, 1; 3, 69 Drak.; 9, 32; 42, 2; Tac. H. 2, 1 al.:

a Rubro Mari arma conatus sit inferre Italiae,

Nep. Hann. 2, 1 (for which more freq. bellum inferre alicui, v. infero):

ad horrida promptior arma,

Ov. M. 1, 126:

qui fera nuntiet arma,

id. ib. 5, 4;

14, 479: compositis venerantur armis,

Hor. C. 4, 14, 52. So the beginning of the Æneid: Arma virumque cano; cf. Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 7:

melius visum Gallos novam gentem pace potius cognosci quam armis,

Liv. 5, 35 fin.; cf.:

cedant arma togae,

Cic. Off. 1, 22, 76.—Also for battle, contest:

in arma feror,

Verg. A. 2, 337; so id. ib. 2, 655.—

(Abstr. for concr.) The warriors themselves, soldiers, troops:

nulla usquam apparuerunt arma,

Liv. 41, 12:

nostro supplicio liberemus Romana arma, i. e. Romanum exercitum,

id. 9, 9; 21, 26:

Hispanias armis non ita redundare,

Tac. H. 2, 32:

expertem frustra belli et neutra arma secutum,

neither party, Ov. M. 5, 91: auxiliaria arma, auxiliaries, auxiliary troops = auxiliares (v. auxiliaris, I.), id. ib. 6, 424; cf. id. ib. 14, 528.—

Transf., poet. (like hoplon and entea in Gr.), implements, instruments, tools, utensils, in gen. Of implements for grinding and baking:

Cerealia arma,

the arms of Ceres, Verg. A. 1, 177 (cf. Hom. Od. 7, 232: entea daitos). —Of implements of agriculture, Ov. M. 11, 35:

dicendum est, quae sint duris agrestibus arma, Quīs sine nec potuere seri nec surgere messes,

Verg. G. 1, 160.—Of the equipments, tackle of a ship ( mast, sails, rudder, etc.):

colligere arma jubet validisque incumbere remis,

Verg. A. 5, 15; 6, 353.—Hence used by Ovid for wings:

haec umeris arma parata suis, A. A. 2, 50 (cf. in the foll. verse: his patria est adeunda carinis).—And so of other instruments,

Mart. 14, 36.

clĭpĕus (in inscrr. and MSS. also clŭp- and clyp-), i, m. ( clĭpĕum, i, n., Verg. A. 9, 709; Liv. 1, 43, 2; 34, 52, 5; 35, 10, 12; 38, 35, 5; 40, 51, 3; Licin. et Laber. ap. Non. p. 196, 22 sq. al.) [root in clepo].

The round brazen shield of Roman soldiers (diff. from scutum, which was oval, and made of wood covered with bull's hide; cf. Dict. of Antiq. p. 268 sq.), Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 93 Müll.; id. ap. Prisc. p. 838 P. (Enn. Ann. 364 Vahl.); Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 195; 3, 2, 93; id. Truc. 2, 6, 25; Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97; id. Div. 1, 44, 99; id. Tusc. 1, 15, 34; id. de Or. 2, 17, 73; Nep. Iphic. 1, 3; Liv. 1, 43, 2; 8, 8, 3; 9, 19, 7; Verg. A. 2, 443; 7, 626; 8, 447; Hor. C. 1, 28, 11; Ov. M. 8, 27; 12, 621.—Prov.:

clipeum post vulnera sumere,

i. e. to do something when it is too late, Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 35. —

Trop., a shield, protection, defence, Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 433.—

Meton., of objects in the form of a shield. *

The vault of heaven: in altisono caeli clupeo, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 73 Müll.—

The disk of the sun, Ov. M. 15, 192.—

A round meteor:

clipei et vastorum imagines ignium,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 1, 15; 7, 20, 2; Plin. 2, 34, 34, § 100.—But esp. freq.,

A bust of the gods or distinguished men, represented upon a shield-formed surface (of gold, silver, etc., skilfully prepared, and often laid up as sacred gifts in the temples; so mostly in neutr. form; v. supra init.):

scutis qualibus apud Trojam pugnatum est, continebantur imagines, unde et nomen habuere clipeorum,

Plin. 35, 3, 4, § 13; Liv. 25, 39, 13; 35, 10, 12; Tac. A. 2, 83; Suet. Calig. 16; id. Dom. 23; Dig. 9, 3, 5 fin. —

Clipeum antiqui ob rotunditatem etiam corium bovis appellarunt, in quo foedus Gabinorum cum Romanis fuerat descriptum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 56 Müll. (cf. the same use of hoplon, Corp. Inscr. Graec. II. p. 664).

clĭpĕus (in inscrr. and MSS. also clŭp- and clyp-), i, m. ( clĭpĕum, i, n., Verg. A. 9, 709; Liv. 1, 43, 2; 34, 52, 5; 35, 10, 12; 38, 35, 5; 40, 51, 3; Licin. et Laber. ap. Non. p. 196, 22 sq. al.) [root in clepo].

The round brazen shield of Roman soldiers (diff. from scutum, which was oval, and made of wood covered with bull's hide; cf. Dict. of Antiq. p. 268 sq.), Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 93 Müll.; id. ap. Prisc. p. 838 P. (Enn. Ann. 364 Vahl.); Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 195; 3, 2, 93; id. Truc. 2, 6, 25; Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97; id. Div. 1, 44, 99; id. Tusc. 1, 15, 34; id. de Or. 2, 17, 73; Nep. Iphic. 1, 3; Liv. 1, 43, 2; 8, 8, 3; 9, 19, 7; Verg. A. 2, 443; 7, 626; 8, 447; Hor. C. 1, 28, 11; Ov. M. 8, 27; 12, 621.—Prov.:

clipeum post vulnera sumere,

i. e. to do something when it is too late, Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 35. —

Trop., a shield, protection, defence, Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 433.—

Meton., of objects in the form of a shield. *

The vault of heaven: in altisono caeli clupeo, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 73 Müll.—

The disk of the sun, Ov. M. 15, 192.—

A round meteor:

clipei et vastorum imagines ignium,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 1, 15; 7, 20, 2; Plin. 2, 34, 34, § 100.—But esp. freq.,

A bust of the gods or distinguished men, represented upon a shield-formed surface (of gold, silver, etc., skilfully prepared, and often laid up as sacred gifts in the temples; so mostly in neutr. form; v. supra init.):

scutis qualibus apud Trojam pugnatum est, continebantur imagines, unde et nomen habuere clipeorum,

Plin. 35, 3, 4, § 13; Liv. 25, 39, 13; 35, 10, 12; Tac. A. 2, 83; Suet. Calig. 16; id. Dom. 23; Dig. 9, 3, 5 fin. —

Clipeum antiqui ob rotunditatem etiam corium bovis appellarunt, in quo foedus Gabinorum cum Romanis fuerat descriptum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 56 Müll. (cf. the same use of hoplon, Corp. Inscr. Graec. II. p. 664).

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aegis, ĭdis, f., = aigis, idos.

The shield of Jupiter, Verg. A. 8, 354; Sil. 12, 720.—

The shield of Minerva, with Medusa's head, Verg. A. 8, 435:

contra sonantem Palladis aegida,

Hor. C. 3, 4, 57; so Ov. M. 2, 753; 6, 78 al.—Hence,

Transf.

A shield, defence. —So only Ovid of the jewelry by which maidens try to conceal their ugliness: decipit hac oculos aegide dives Amor, R. Am. 346.—

In the larch-tree, the wood nearest the pith, Plin. 16, 39, 73, § 187.

scūtārĭus, a, um, adj. [id.].

Of or belonging to a shield:

fabricae,

shield-factories, Veg. Mil. 2, 11.—

Subst.: scū-tārĭus, ii, m.

A shield-maker, Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 35.—

In the times of the later emperors, a sort of guard, armed with the scutum, Amm. 20, 4, 3; 20, 8, 13; Inscr. Orell. 3542 sq.; cf. Vulg. 2 Par. 12, 10.

scūtum, i, n. ( masc. collat. form scū-tus, Turp. ap. Non. 226, 13) [skutos].

An oblong shield, made of boards fastened together, and covered with leather, a buckler (whereas clipeus denotes a round shield, target of metal; cf. Veg. Mil. 2, 18):

scutum pro clipeo,

Liv. 1, 43: pedestre, of the infantry, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 14; 9, 13, 16; Liv. 6, 8; 7, 10:

equestria,

of the cavalry, id. 43, 6:

ad galeas induendas scutisque tegimenta detrahenda tempus defuit,

Caes. B. G. 2, 21:

scutis ex cortice factis aut viminibus intextis,

id. ib. 2, 33:

sublato scuto,

id. B. C. 2, 35:

abjecto scuto fugere,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 23, 54:

ut non modo non abjecto, sed ne rejecto quidem scuto fugere videar,

id. de Or. 2, 72, 294:

scutum reliquisse praecipuum flagitium,

Tac. G. 6:

hastas et scuta reclinant,

Verg. A. 12, 130:

fulgentia,

id. ib. 8, 93:

longa,

id. ib. 8, 539; Ov. Tr. 4, 1, 73; Liv. 7, 26; 38, 17:

erectum altius,

Amm. 24, 4, 4.—

Transf., heavyarmed soldiers, men bearing shields (late Lat.):

oppidum, ordine circumdatum trino scutorum, oppugnabat,

Amm. 24, 4, 10:

Agilo, scutorum densitate contectus,

id. 21, 12, 18 al. —

Trop., a shield, i. e. a defence, protection, sheiter, safeguard (rare):

sed ne quod tamen scutum dare in judicio viderentur eis, quos, etc.,

Cic. Tull. 18, 43:

scuto vobis magis quam gladio opus est,

Liv. 3, 53 fin. (for which, just before:

praesidia libertatis non licentiae ad impugnandos alios): Fabius novam de Hannibale victoriam commentus est, non pugnare. Hinc illud ex populo, ut Imperii scutum vocaretur,

Flor. 2, 6, 27; cf.:

Deus, scutum meum,

Vulg. 2 Reg. 22, 3:

scutum fidei,

id. Eph. 6, 16.

scūtum, i, n. ( masc. collat. form scū-tus, Turp. ap. Non. 226, 13) [skutos].

An oblong shield, made of boards fastened together, and covered with leather, a buckler (whereas clipeus denotes a round shield, target of metal; cf. Veg. Mil. 2, 18):

scutum pro clipeo,

Liv. 1, 43: pedestre, of the infantry, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 14; 9, 13, 16; Liv. 6, 8; 7, 10:

equestria,

of the cavalry, id. 43, 6:

ad galeas induendas scutisque tegimenta detrahenda tempus defuit,

Caes. B. G. 2, 21:

scutis ex cortice factis aut viminibus intextis,

id. ib. 2, 33:

sublato scuto,

id. B. C. 2, 35:

abjecto scuto fugere,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 23, 54:

ut non modo non abjecto, sed ne rejecto quidem scuto fugere videar,

id. de Or. 2, 72, 294:

scutum reliquisse praecipuum flagitium,

Tac. G. 6:

hastas et scuta reclinant,

Verg. A. 12, 130:

fulgentia,

id. ib. 8, 93:

longa,

id. ib. 8, 539; Ov. Tr. 4, 1, 73; Liv. 7, 26; 38, 17:

erectum altius,

Amm. 24, 4, 4.—

Transf., heavyarmed soldiers, men bearing shields (late Lat.):

oppidum, ordine circumdatum trino scutorum, oppugnabat,

Amm. 24, 4, 10:

Agilo, scutorum densitate contectus,

id. 21, 12, 18 al. —

Trop., a shield, i. e. a defence, protection, sheiter, safeguard (rare):

sed ne quod tamen scutum dare in judicio viderentur eis, quos, etc.,

Cic. Tull. 18, 43:

scuto vobis magis quam gladio opus est,

Liv. 3, 53 fin. (for which, just before:

praesidia libertatis non licentiae ad impugnandos alios): Fabius novam de Hannibale victoriam commentus est, non pugnare. Hinc illud ex populo, ut Imperii scutum vocaretur,

Flor. 2, 6, 27; cf.:

Deus, scutum meum,

Vulg. 2 Reg. 22, 3:

scutum fidei,

id. Eph. 6, 16.

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